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@ -1,323 +1,154 @@ |
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# Debian Network Reinstall Script |
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- <span lang="zh-CN">[中文版在这里](./README.zh-CN.md)</span> |
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- <span lang="ja-JP">[日本語はこちら](./README.ja-JP.md)</span> |
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[中文说明 ↓](#中文说明) |
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## What is this? |
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## Introduction |
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A script that reinstalls any VPS or physical machine to minimal Debian via network boot. Works by injecting the Debian installer into GRUB and automatically configuring the installation process. |
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This script is written to reinstall VPS/VMs to minimal Debian. |
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**Perfect for:** |
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- Converting Oracle Cloud's Ubuntu images to Debian |
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- Removing cloud provider surveillance agents |
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- Creating minimal, clean Debian environments |
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- Automating installations with preseed/cloud-init |
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- Rescuing broken systems |
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## Platforms |
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## Quick Start |
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- ✔ KVM or physical machines ❌ Containers |
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- ✔ Debian or Ubuntu or Red Hat Linux as original OS with GRUB 2 bootloader |
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- ✔ MBR or GPT partition table |
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- ✔ Multiple disks or LVM |
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- ✔ IPv4 or IPv6 |
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- ✔ Legacy BIOS or UEFI boot |
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- ✔ Most VPS or cloud providers |
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- ⚠️ Google Compute Engine - **MUST** manually specify IP/CIDR and gateway of VPC |
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- ⚠️ AWS EC2 or Lightsail - Does **NOT** work with UEFI boot |
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```bash |
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# Download the script |
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curl -fLO https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bohanyang/debi/master/debi.sh |
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chmod +x debi.sh |
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# Basic installation (creates user 'debian' with sudo access) |
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sudo ./debi.sh |
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# Or install as root user instead |
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sudo ./debi.sh --user root |
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# Reboot when ready |
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sudo reboot |
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``` |
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**Default settings:** Debian 12 (bookworm), DHCP networking, user `debian` with sudo access, you'll be prompted for password. |
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## Platform Support |
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| Platform | Status | Notes | |
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|----------|---------|-------| |
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| ✅ **KVM/Physical** | Full support | All features work | |
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| ✅ **Most VPS** | Full support | DigitalOcean, Vultr, Linode, etc. | |
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| ⚠️ **Google Cloud** | Requires manual network | Must use `--ip`, `--gateway` (DHCP broken) | |
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| ⚠️ **AWS EC2** | BIOS only | UEFI boot not yet supported | |
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| ❌ **Containers** | Not supported | Requires GRUB bootloader | |
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**Requirements:** |
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- KVM or physical machine (not containers) |
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- GRUB 2 bootloader |
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- Root access |
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## Regional Presets |
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| Preset | Mirror | DNS | NTP | Best for | |
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|--------|---------|-----|-----|----------| |
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| *Default* | deb.debian.org | Google DNS | time.google.com | Global | |
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| `--cloudflare` | deb.debian.org | Cloudflare | time.cloudflare.com | Global (privacy) | |
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| `--aws` | cdn-aws.deb.debian.org | Google DNS | time.aws.com | AWS instances | |
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| `--aliyun` | mirrors.aliyun.com | AliDNS | time.amazonaws.cn | China | |
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| `--ustc` | mirrors.ustc.edu.cn | DNSPod | time.amazonaws.cn | China | |
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| `--tuna` | mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn | DNSPod | time.amazonaws.cn | China | |
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## Complete Options Reference |
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### System & User Configuration |
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| Option | Default | Description | |
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|--------|---------|-------------| |
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| `--version 12` | `12` | Debian version: `10`, `11`, `12`, `13` | |
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| `--suite bookworm` | `bookworm` | Debian suite: `stable`, `testing`, `sid`, etc. | |
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| `--user debian` | `debian` | Username (use `root` for root-only) | |
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| `--password PASSWORD` | *prompt* | User password (prompted if not specified) | |
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| `--authorized-keys-url URL` | *password auth* | SSH keys from URL (e.g., `https://github.com/user.keys`) | |
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| `--no-account-setup` | *create user* | Skip user creation (manual setup via console) | |
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| `--sudo-with-password` | *no password* | Require password for sudo commands | |
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| `--timezone UTC` | `UTC` | System timezone (e.g., `Asia/Shanghai`) | |
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| `--hostname NAME` | *current* | System hostname | |
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### Network Configuration |
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| Option | Default | Description | |
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|--------|---------|-------------| |
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| `--interface auto` | `auto` | Network interface (e.g., `eth0`, `eth1`) | |
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| `--ip ADDRESS` | *DHCP* | Static IP: `10.0.0.100`, `1.2.3.4/24`, `2001:db8::1/64` | |
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| `--static-ipv4` | *DHCP* | Use current IPv4 settings automatically | |
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| `--netmask MASK` | *auto* | Network mask: `255.255.255.0`, `ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::` | |
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| `--gateway ADDRESS` | *auto* | Gateway IP (use `none` for no gateway) | |
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| `--dns '8.8.8.8 8.8.4.4'` | `1.1.1.1 1.0.0.1` | DNS servers for IPv4 | |
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| `--dns6 '2001:4860:4860::8888'` | `2606:4700:4700::1111` | DNS servers for IPv6 | |
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| `--ethx` | *consistent naming* | Use `eth0`/`eth1` instead of `enp0s3` style | |
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| `--ntp time.google.com` | `time.google.com` | NTP server | |
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### Network Console (Remote Installation) |
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| Option | Default | Description | |
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|--------|---------|-------------| |
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| `--network-console` | *disabled* | Enable SSH access during installation | |
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**Network Console Usage:** |
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1. Enable with `--network-console` and reboot |
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2. Wait 2-3 minutes for Debian installer to load components |
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3. SSH to your server: `ssh installer@YOUR_IP` |
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4. Use multiple terminals: |
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- **Alt+F1**: Main installer interface |
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- **Alt+F2**: Shell access |
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- **Alt+F3**: Additional shell |
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- **Alt+F4**: System logs (monitor automated installation progress) |
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- Navigate with Alt+Left/Alt+Right |
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> [!IMPORTANT] |
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> If `--authorized-keys-url` is used, SSH password authentication is disabled (SSH keys required), **but you still need to set a user password for VNC console and sudo access.** |
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### Storage & Partitioning |
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| Option | Default | Description | |
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|--------|---------|-------------| |
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| `--disk /dev/sda` | *auto-detect* | Target disk (**required** if multiple disks) | |
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| `--no-disk-partitioning` | *auto partition* | Manual partitioning via console | |
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| `--filesystem ext4` | `ext4` | Root filesystem type | |
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| `--force-gpt` | *enabled* | Create GPT partition table | |
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| `--no-force-gpt` | *use GPT* | Use MBR partition table instead | |
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| `--bios` | *auto-detect* | Force BIOS boot (creates BIOS boot partition) | |
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| `--efi` | *auto-detect* | Force EFI boot (creates EFI system partition) | |
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| `--esp 106` | `106` | EFI system partition size (106=100MB, 538=512MB, 1075=1GB) | |
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### Mirror & Repository Configuration |
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| Option | Default | Description | |
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|--------|---------|-------------| |
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| `--mirror-protocol https` | `https` | Mirror protocol: `http`, `https`, `ftp` | |
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| `--https` | *enabled* | Alias for `--mirror-protocol https` | |
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| `--mirror-host deb.debian.org` | `deb.debian.org` | Mirror hostname | |
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| `--mirror-directory /debian` | `/debian` | Mirror directory path | |
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| `--mirror-proxy URL` | *none* | HTTP proxy for downloads and APT | |
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| `--reuse-proxy` | *none* | Use existing `http_proxy` environment variable | |
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| `--security-repository URL` | *auto* | Security updates repo (use `mirror` for main mirror) | |
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### APT Repository Components |
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| Option | Default | Description | |
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|--------|---------|-------------| |
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| `--apt-non-free-firmware` | *enabled* | Include non-free firmware (Debian 12+) | |
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| `--apt-non-free` | *disabled* | Enable non-free repository | |
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| `--apt-contrib` | *disabled* | Enable contrib repository | |
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| `--apt-src` | *enabled* | Enable source repositories | |
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| `--apt-backports` | *enabled* | Enable backports repository | |
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| `--no-apt-non-free-firmware` | *use default* | Disable non-free firmware | |
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| `--no-apt-non-free` | *use default* | Disable non-free | |
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| `--no-apt-contrib` | *use default* | Disable contrib | |
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| `--no-apt-src` | *use default* | Disable source repositories | |
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| `--no-apt-backports` | *use default* | Disable backports | |
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### Package Installation |
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| Option | Default | Description | |
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|--------|---------|-------------| |
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| `--install 'pkg1 pkg2'` | *minimal* | Additional packages (space-separated, quoted) | |
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| `--install-recommends` | *enabled* | Install recommended packages | |
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| `--no-install-recommends` | *install recommends* | Skip recommended packages | |
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| `--upgrade safe-upgrade` | `safe-upgrade` | Package upgrade mode | |
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| `--safe-upgrade` | *default* | Safe package upgrades during install | |
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| `--full-upgrade` | *safe upgrade* | Full system upgrade (`dist-upgrade`) | |
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| `--no-upgrade` | *safe upgrade* | Skip package upgrades entirely | |
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### Kernel Options |
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| Option | Default | Description | |
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|--------|---------|-------------| |
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| `--kernel PACKAGE` | `linux-image-ARCH` | Kernel package name | |
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| `--cloud-kernel` | *standard* | Use cloud-optimized kernel | |
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| `--bpo-kernel` | *stable* | Use newer kernel from backports | |
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| `--firmware` | *auto-detect* | Include non-free firmware for hardware | |
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### Advanced Options |
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| Option | Default | Description | |
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|--------|---------|-------------| |
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| `--ssh-port 2222` | `22` | Custom SSH port | |
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| `--bbr` | *disabled* | Enable TCP BBR congestion control | |
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| `--architecture amd64` | *auto-detect* | Target architecture: `amd64`, `arm64`, `i386`, etc. | |
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| `--force-lowmem 1` | *auto* | Force low memory mode: `0`, `1`, `2` (for <512MB RAM) | |
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| `--no-force-efi-extra-removable` | *enabled* | Disable EFI extra removable media path | |
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| `--grub-timeout 5` | `5` | GRUB menu timeout in seconds | |
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### Debian Installer Options |
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| Option | Default | Description | |
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|--------|---------|-------------| |
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| `--release-d-i` | *auto* | Use release version of debian-installer | |
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| `--daily-d-i` | *auto* | Use daily build of debian-installer | |
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### Cloud-Init Integration |
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| Option | Default | Description | |
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|--------|---------|-------------| |
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| `--cidata /path/to/dir` | *none* | Custom cloud-init data directory | |
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**Cloud-Init Usage:** |
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```bash |
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# Create cloud-init configuration |
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mkdir my-cloud-config |
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echo "instance-id: my-server" > my-cloud-config/meta-data |
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cat > my-cloud-config/user-data << 'EOF' |
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#cloud-config |
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hostname: my-server |
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packages: |
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- htop |
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- git |
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EOF |
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# Use with installation |
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sudo ./debi.sh --cidata my-cloud-config |
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``` |
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### Development & Testing |
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| Option | Default | Description | |
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|--------|---------|-------------| |
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| `--dry-run` | *execute* | Generate configuration without installing | |
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| `--hold` | *reboot* | Don't reboot after installation | |
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| `--power-off` | *reboot* | Power off instead of reboot | |
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## Examples |
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### Oracle Cloud (Ubuntu → Debian) |
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```bash |
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sudo ./debi.sh --cloudflare --user debian |
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``` |
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### Google Cloud Platform |
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```bash |
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# GCP requires manual network (replace with your VPC settings) |
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sudo ./debi.sh --ip 10.128.0.100/24 --gateway 10.128.0.1 |
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``` |
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### Minimal Installation |
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```bash |
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sudo ./debi.sh --no-install-recommends --install 'curl git vim' --no-upgrade |
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``` |
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### China Deployment |
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```bash |
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sudo ./debi.sh --ustc --timezone Asia/Shanghai --dns '119.29.29.29' |
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``` |
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### Network Console Installation |
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```bash |
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# Enable remote access during install (SSH keys for network, password still needed for VNC/sudo) |
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sudo ./debi.sh --network-console --authorized-keys-url https://github.com/yourusername.keys |
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# After reboot, SSH: ssh installer@YOUR_IP |
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``` |
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## How It Works |
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### Static Network with Cloud-Init |
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```bash |
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sudo ./debi.sh --ip 192.168.1.100/24 --gateway 192.168.1.1 --cidata ./cloud-config/ |
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``` |
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1. Generate a preseed file to automate installation |
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2. Download the 'Debian-Installer' to the `/boot` directory |
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3. Append a menu entry of the installer to the GRUB2 configuration file |
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## Usage |
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### 1. Download |
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Download the script with curl: |
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curl -fLO https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bohanyang/debi/master/debi.sh |
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or wget: |
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wget -O debi.sh https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bohanyang/debi/master/debi.sh |
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### 2. Run |
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Run the script under root or using sudo: |
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chmod a+rx debi.sh |
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sudo ./debi.sh |
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By default, an admin user `debian` with sudo privilege will be created during the installation. Use `--user root` if you prefer. |
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### 3. Reboot |
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If everything looks good, reboot the machine: |
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sudo shutdown -r now |
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Otherwise, you can run this command to revert all changes made by the script: |
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sudo rm -rf debi.sh /etc/default/grub.d/zz-debi.cfg /boot/debian-* && { sudo update-grub || sudo grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg; } |
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## Available Options |
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### Presets |
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| Region | Alias | Mirror | DNS | NTP | |
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|--------|----------------|--------------------------------------|------------|---------------------| |
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| Global | Default | https://deb.debian.org | Google | time.google.com | |
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| Global | `--cloudflare` | https://deb.debian.org | Cloudflare | time.cloudflare.com | |
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| Global | `--aws` | https://cdn-aws.deb.debian.org | Google | time.aws.com | |
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| China | `--ustc` | https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn | DNSPod | time.amazonaws.cn | |
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| China | `--tuna` | https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn | DNSPod | time.amazonaws.cn | |
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| China | `--aliyun` | https://mirrors.aliyun.com | AliDNS | time.amazonaws.cn | |
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* `--interface <string>` Manually select a network interface, e.g. eth1 |
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* `--ethx` Disable *Consistent Network Device Naming* to get interface names like *ethX* back |
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* `--ip <string>` Disable the auto network config (DHCP) and configure a static IP address, e.g. `10.0.0.2`, `1.2.3.4/24`, `2001:2345:6789:abcd::ef/48` |
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* `--static-ipv4` Disable the auto network config (DHCP) and configure with the current IPv4 address and gateway detected automatically |
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* `--netmask <string>` e.g. `255.255.255.0`, `ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::` |
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* `--gateway <string>` e.g. `10.0.0.1`, `none` if no gateway |
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* `--dns '8.8.8.8 8.8.4.4'` |
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* `--dns6 '2001:4860:4860::8888 2001:4860:4860::8844'` (effective only if IPv6 is specified) |
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* `--hostname <string>` FQDN hostname (includes the domain name), e.g. `server1.example.com` |
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* `--network-console` Enable the network console of the installer. `ssh installer@ip` to connect |
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* `--version 12` Supports: `10`, `11`, `12`, `13` |
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* `--suite bullseye` **Please use `--version` instead if you don't have special needs.** e.g. `stable`, `testing`, `sid` |
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* `--release-d-i` d-i (Debian Installer) for the released versions: 12 (bookworm), 11 (bullseye) and 10 (buster) |
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* `--daily-d-i` Use latest daily build of d-i (Debian Installer) for the unreleased version: 13 (trixie), sid (unstable) |
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* `--mirror-protocol http` or `https` or `ftp` |
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* `--https` alias to `--mirror-protocol https` |
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* `--reuse-proxy` Reuse the value of `http(s)_proxy` environment variable as the mirror proxy |
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* `--proxy, --mirror-proxy` Set an HTTP proxy for APT and downloads |
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* `--mirror-host deb.debian.org` |
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* `--mirror-directory /debian` |
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* `--security-repository http://security.debian.org/debian-security` Magic value: `'mirror' = <mirror-protocol>://<mirror-host>/<mirror-directory>/../debian-security` |
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* `--no-account-setup, --no-user` **(Manual installation)** Proceed account setup manually in VNC or remote console. |
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* `--username, --user debian` New user with `sudo` privilege or `root` |
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* `--password <string>` Password of the new user. **You'll be prompted if you choose to not specify it here** |
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* `--authorized-keys-url <string>` URL to your authorized keys for SSH authentication. e.g. `https://github.com/torvalds.keys` |
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* `--sudo-with-password` Require password when the user invokes `sudo` command |
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* `--timezone UTC` e.g. `Asia/Shanghai` for China (UTC+8) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tz_database_time_zones#List |
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* `--ntp time.google.com` |
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* `--no-disk-partitioning, --no-part` **(Manual installation)** Proceed disk partitioning manually in VNC or remote console |
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* `--disk <string>` Manually select a disk for installation. **Please remember to specify this when more than one disk is available!** e.g. `/dev/sda` |
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* `--no-force-gpt` By default, GPT rather than MBR partition table will be created. This option disables it. |
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* `--bios` Don't create *EFI system partition*. If GPT is being used, create a *BIOS boot partition* (`bios_grub` partition). Default if `/sys/firmware/efi` is absent. [See](https://askubuntu.com/a/501360) |
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* `--efi` Create an *EFI system partition*. Default if `/sys/firmware/efi` exists |
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* `--esp 106` Size of the *EFI system partition*. e.g. `106`, `538` and `1075` result to 100 MiB, 512 MiB, 1 GiB respectively |
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* `--filesystem ext4` |
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* `--kernel <string>` Choose an package for the kernel image |
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* `--cloud-kernel` Choose `linux-image-cloud-amd64` or `...arm64` as the kernel image |
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* `--bpo-kernel` Choose the kernel image from Debian Backports (newer version from the next Debian release) |
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* `--no-install-recommends` |
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* `--apt-non-free-firmware`, `--apt-non-free`, `--apt-contrib`, `--apt-src`, `--apt-backports` |
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* `--no-apt-non-free-firmware`, `--no-apt-non-free`, `--no-apt-contrib`, `--no-apt-src`, `--no-apt-backports` |
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* `--install 'ca-certificates libpam-systemd'` Install additional APT packages. Space-separated and quoted. |
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* `--safe-upgrade` **(Default)** `apt upgrade --with-new-pkgs`. [See](https://salsa.debian.org/installer-team/pkgsel/-/blob/master/debian/postinst) |
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* `--full-upgrade` `apt dist-upgrade` |
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* `--no-upgrade` |
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* `--bbr` Enable TCP BBR congestion control |
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* `--ssh-port <integer>` SSH port |
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* `--hold` Don't reboot or power off after installation |
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* `--power-off` Power off after installation rather than reboot |
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* `--architecture <string>` e.g. `amd64`, `i386`, `arm64`, `armhf`, etc. |
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* `--firmware` Load additional [non-free firmwares](https://wiki.debian.org/Firmware#Firmware_during_the_installation) |
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* `--no-force-efi-extra-removable` [See](https://wiki.debian.org/UEFI#Force_grub-efi_installation_to_the_removable_media_path) |
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* `--grub-timeout 5` How many seconds the GRUB menu shows before entering the installer |
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* `--force-lowmem <integer>` Valid values: 0, 1, 2. Force [low memory level](https://salsa.debian.org/installer-team/lowmem). Useful if your machine has memory less than 500M where level 2 is set (see issue #45). `--force-lowmem 1` may solve it. |
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* `--dry-run` Print generated preseed and GRUB entry without downloading the installer and actually saving them |
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* `--cidata ./cidata-example` Custom data for cloud-init. **VM provider's data source will be IGNORED.** See example. |
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## 中文说明 |
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下载脚本： |
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### Advanced Custom Configuration |
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```bash |
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sudo ./debi.sh \ |
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--version 12 \ |
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--user admin \ |
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--timezone Europe/London \ |
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--disk /dev/nvme0n1 \ |
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--filesystem btrfs \ |
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--cloud-kernel \ |
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--bbr \ |
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--ssh-port 2222 \ |
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--install 'htop iotop ncdu' |
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``` |
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## Troubleshooting |
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### Revert All Changes |
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```bash |
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# Remove all modifications and restore original GRUB |
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sudo rm -rf /etc/default/grub.d/zz-debi.cfg /boot/debian-* |
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sudo update-grub || sudo grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg |
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curl -fLO https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bohanyang/debi/master/debi.sh && chmod a+rx debi.sh |
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``` |
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### Common Issues |
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运行脚本： |
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**Multiple disks detected:** |
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```bash |
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# List available disks |
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lsblk |
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# Specify target disk |
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sudo ./debi.sh --disk /dev/sda |
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``` |
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**Low memory VPS (<512MB):** |
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|
```bash |
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sudo ./debi.sh --force-lowmem 1 |
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|
sudo ./debi.sh --cdn --network-console --ethx --bbr --user root --password <新系统用户密码> |
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``` |
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**Network configuration fails:** |
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|
```bash |
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# Use current network settings |
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|
sudo ./debi.sh --static-ipv4 |
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|
* `--bbr` 开启 BBR |
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* `--ethx` 网卡名称使用传统形式，如 `eth0` 而不是 `ens3` |
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|
* `--cloud-kernel` 安装占用空间较小的 `cloud` 内核，但可能会导致 UEFI 启动的机器（如 Oracle、Azure 及 Hyper-V、Google Cloud 等）VNC 黑屏。BIOS 启动的普通 VPS 则没有此问题。 |
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* 默认时区为 UTC，添加 `--timezone Asia/Shanghai` 可使用中国时区。 |
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* 默认使用 Debian 官方 CDN 镜像源（deb.debian.org），添加 `--ustc` 可使用中科大镜像源。 |
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# Or configure manually |
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sudo ./debi.sh --ip YOUR_IP/CIDR --gateway YOUR_GATEWAY |
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``` |
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如果没有报错可以重启： |
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|
**Need firmware for network card:** |
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|
```bash |
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sudo ./debi.sh --firmware |
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|
``` |
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**Installation debugging:** |
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|
```bash |
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# Generate preseed file only |
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sudo ./debi.sh --dry-run |
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# Enable network console for remote access (SSH keys for remote, password for VNC/sudo) |
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|
sudo ./debi.sh --network-console --authorized-keys-url YOUR_KEYS_URL |
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|
sudo shutdown -r now |
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|
``` |
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|
## How It Works |
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1. **Downloads Debian installer** to `/boot/debian-$VERSION/` |
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2. **Generates preseed file** with your configuration |
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3. **Modifies GRUB configuration** (adds installer menu entry) |
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4. **Injects configuration** into installer initramfs |
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5. **Updates GRUB** to include new boot option |
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|
**Changes made to your system:** |
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|
- Files added to `/boot/debian-*/` |
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|
- GRUB configuration in `/etc/default/grub.d/zz-debi.cfg` |
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- Updated GRUB menu |
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**These changes are safe and reversible** before reboot using the revert command above. |
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--- |
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*Created by [@bohanyang](https://github.com/bohanyang) • [Issues](https://github.com/bohanyang/debi/issues) • [GitHub](https://github.com/bohanyang/debi)* |
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|
约 30 秒后可以尝试 SSH 登录 `installer` 用户，密码与之前设置的相同。如果成功连接，可以按 Ctrl-A 然后再按 4 监控安装日志。安装完成后会自动重启进入新系统。 |
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